Searching for the best compost crocks for your countertop in 2026? The right choice balances size, odor control, ease of cleaning, and style. The Perfnique Kitchen Compost Bin stands out as the overall top pick thanks to its smart lid design and odor filter. The OXO Good Grips Easy-Clean Compost Bin offers a larger capacity for heavy users, while the Utopia Kitchen Stainless Steel Compost Bin combines sleek looks with odorless operation. Each option faces tradeoffs: larger capacity can mean bulkier placement, and pricier models often include more features. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown that helps you pick the best fit for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Size matters: most users prefer around 1.3 to 1.5 gallons for daily kitchen use without taking up too much space.
- Odor control is a key feature, especially with charcoal filters or airtight lids, critical for keeping your kitchen fresh.
- Materials vary from ceramic to stainless steel, with each offering different benefits in durability and style.
- Ease of cleaning can make or break your experience; models with removable liners or smooth surfaces are preferable.
- Price ranges from budget-friendly to premium, with higher-cost options often providing better odor control and design.
More Details on Our Top Picks
Perfnique Kitchen Compost Bin, 1.3 Gallon Countertop Indoor Compost Bucket with Lid, Inner Liner, and Carbon Filter, Cream
This compost bin stands out for its combination of style and functionality, offering a 1.3-gallon capacity with a removable inner pail for easy cleaning, and a lid with active carbon filters that effectively control odors. Compared to the Granrosi Countertop Compost Bin, it provides a more stylish farmhouse aesthetic, though it requires filter replacements every 4-6 months, which adds ongoing maintenance. Its durable, rust-resistant materials make it a reliable choice for daily use, but the capacity might be limiting for larger households. The non-dishwasher-safe design is a minor inconvenience for those seeking easy cleanup. Overall, this pick makes the most sense for individuals who prioritize attractive kitchen decor combined with odor control in a manageable size.
Pros:- Odor control with active carbon filters
- Stylish farmhouse design
- Removable inner pail for easy cleaning
- Rust-resistant and durable materials
Cons:- Filters need replacement every 4-6 months
- Not dishwasher safe
- Limited capacity for large households
Best for: Homeowners who want a stylish, odor-controlled compost bin that fits seamlessly into a farmhouse or rustic kitchen decor.
Not ideal for: Larger families or those with high-volume composting needs, since the capacity is limited and filters require regular replacement.
- Capacity:1.3 gallons
- Material:Plastic inner pail, metal outer bucket
- Color:Cream
- Includes:Inner bucket, lid, 2 carbon filters
- Filter lifespan:4-6 months
- Dishwasher safe:No
Bottom line: This bin is perfect for style-conscious individuals who want effective odor control in a compact, attractive package.
Granrosi Countertop Compost Bin Kitchen – 1.3 Gallon Indoor Compost Bucket with Lid, Rust-Proof & Odorless
The Granrosi Compost Bin offers a larger, rust-proof metal design with three charcoal filters, making it ideal for those who want odorless composting without frequent filter changes. It surpasses the Perfnique in capacity, which is better suited for daily or heavier use, but it’s heavier and less suited for small kitchens with limited space. Its vintage farmhouse style adds charm, yet the weight might be a drawback for portability. The multiple filters extend the time between replacements, reducing ongoing costs. This choice makes sense for households that prioritize durability and odorless operation over sleek aesthetics or ultra-lightweight design.
Pros:- Odorless indoor composting with charcoal filters
- Rust-proof and durable metal construction
- Large capacity suitable for daily use
- Stylish farmhouse design
Cons:- Filters need replacement every 3-4 months
- Heavier than plastic alternatives
- Limited to indoor use only
Best for: Families or frequent composters seeking a durable, rust-proof bin with excellent odor control and larger capacity.
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or users looking for lightweight, easy-to-move options, as the metal construction adds weight and bulk.
- Capacity:1.3 gallons
- Material:Metal
- Filter Type:Charcoal
- Number of Filters:3 (including 2 extra)
- Filter Duration:3-4 months per filter
- Dimensions:Not specified
Bottom line: Best suited for users who want a sturdy, odorless compost bin that can handle higher volumes regularly.
OXO Good Grips Easy-Clean Compost Bin – Charcoal, 1.75 Gallon / 6.62 Liter
The OXO Good Grips Compost Bin offers a generous 1.75-gallon capacity with a unique soft-close lid that stays open during use, making it especially user-friendly. Its smooth interior makes cleaning straightforward, a notable advantage over the Perfnique or Granrosi bins, which require more effort to clean. The airflow design helps contain odors and pests, but the slightly smaller capacity compared to the 1.75 gallons might be limiting for large households. The lid’s fragility over time is a concern for long-term durability. This option makes the most sense for busy cooks who prioritize convenience and ease of cleaning over maximum capacity.
Pros:- Easy to clean with smooth interior
- Soft-close lid stays open for convenience
- Good airflow reduces odors and pests
- Neat design with bags tucked inside
Cons:- Capacity may be small for large households
- Lid may be fragile over time
- Limited capacity compared to others
Best for: Individuals who want a hassle-free, easy-to-clean compost bin with a soft-close lid for quick daily use.
Not ideal for: Large households or heavy composters, since the capacity might fill up quickly and lid durability could be a concern over time.
- Capacity:1.75 gallons / 6.62 liters
- Material:Plastic
- Lid:Removable, soft-close, stay-open
- Color:Charcoal
Bottom line: Ideal for busy individuals seeking a simple, easy-to-maintain compost bin that minimizes odor fuss.
Utopia Kitchen Indoor Compost Bin – 1.3 Gallon Stainless Steel, Odorless with Charcoal Filter, Suitable for Countertop & Under Sink
The Utopia Kitchen Stainless Steel Compost Bin combines durability with a sleek look, making it suitable for both countertop and under-sink placement. Its 1.3-gallon capacity is comparable to others but stands out for its stainless steel construction, which resists odors and stains better than plastic options like the OXO. The included charcoal filter effectively controls smells, though it requires regular replacement. Compared to plastic bins, it offers superior durability and a modern aesthetic, but its capacity might be limiting for larger households. The absence of detailed dimensions makes it less clear whether it fits in tight spaces. This pick is best for users who want a long-lasting, stylish bin that maintains a fresh kitchen environment.
Pros:- Odorless composting with charcoal filter
- Durable stainless steel construction
- Sleek, modern appearance
- Easy to clean
Cons:- Limited capacity for larger households
- Requires regular filter replacement
- No specified dimensions for tight spaces
Best for: Design-conscious users who want a durable, odorless compost bin that fits well into modern or minimalist kitchens.
Not ideal for: High-volume composting households, since its capacity is limited and filters need replacement over time.
- Capacity:1.3 gallons
- Material:Stainless Steel
- Includes:Extra charcoal filter
- Color:Silver
Bottom line: Best suited for users who prioritize a stylish, durable, and odor-free composting solution with a modern look.
Kitchen Countertop Compost Bin with Lid and Charcoal Filter, 1.3 Gal, Mint
This galvanized iron compost bin combines durability with a lively mint color, offering a practical solution with a 1.3-gallon capacity. Its epoxy resin coating provides rust resistance, making it suitable for frequent use, though the filter life of 3-4 months means ongoing replacement costs. Compared to the Perfnique or Granrosi models, it emphasizes robustness and affordability, but the handles may not be comfortable for everyone, and the size might be too small for heavy daily composting. Its ventilation holes help reduce odors, but the weight and size could be drawbacks for users with limited counter space. This choice makes sense for those seeking a sturdy, low-cost option that handles regular composting without fuss.
Pros:- Odor-resistant with charcoal filter
- Large capacity suitable for weekly use
- Rust-resistant galvanized iron with epoxy coating
- Easy to clean and maintain
Cons:- Charcoal filter needs regular replacement
- May be too small for heavy daily use
- Handles may not be ergonomic for all users
Best for: Budget-conscious households or those wanting a durable, rust-resistant bin for weekly composting needs.
Not ideal for: Heavy or daily composters in small kitchens, since the capacity may fill quickly and handles might be uncomfortable for some users.
- Material:Galvanized iron with epoxy resin coating
- Capacity:1.3 gallons / 5 liters
- Dimensions:7.08 x 7.08 x 8.66 inches
- Color:Mint
- Filter Life:3-4 months
Bottom line: A durable, affordable choice for weekly composting with a cheerful color and reliable odor control.
D’Lifeful Kitchen Compost Bin – 1.3 Gallon Countertop Farmhouse Compost Container with Lid
This 1.3-gallon compost bin stands out for its sleek galvanized steel design that combines durability with a modern aesthetic, making it a perfect fit for contemporary kitchens. Its effective odor control with included activated charcoal filters surpasses many plastic alternatives, including the Kitchen Compost Bin with Smell Proof Lid, which relies solely on filters without the steel barrier. However, the tradeoff is its indoor-only use and the need for regular filter replacements, which can add ongoing costs. The large capacity reduces frequent emptying, ideal for users who want less maintenance during busy weeks. Compared to smaller options like the Norpro Ceramic Compost Keeper Crock, it offers more durability and odor mitigation but at a slightly larger footprint. This pick makes the most sense for those seeking a stylish, odor-resistant, and durable countertop compost solution.
Pros:- Effective odor control with activated charcoal filters
- Rust-resistant galvanized steel construction
- Modern, stylish design fits in contemporary kitchens
- Large capacity reduces frequent emptying
Cons:- Limited to indoor use only
- Requires regular replacement of charcoal filters
- Small capacity may need frequent emptying for busy households
Best for: Home cooks who prioritize aesthetics and odor control without frequent emptying
Not ideal for: Small kitchens with limited counter space or users seeking an indoor/outdoor versatile bin
- Capacity:1.3 gallons
- Dimensions:8.7″ L x 8.7″ W x 8.5″ H
- Material:Powder-coated galvanized steel
- Filters Included:6 charcoal filters
- Color:White
- Filters Replacement Interval:As needed
Bottom line: This bin is ideal for style-conscious users wanting a durable, odor-free, indoor compost solution.
Barnyard Designs 1.2 Gallon Mint Kitchen Compost Bin with Filters and Inner Bucket
The Barnyard Designs 1.2-gallon bin excels in space-saving design, making it perfect for small kitchens or those who want something discreet. Its removable inner bucket stands out for easy cleaning, a feature that surpasses the fixed ceramic surface of the Norpro Ceramic Compost Keeper Crock. The odor-absorbing filters keep your kitchen smelling fresh, but they need replacement every three months, adding ongoing maintenance. Unlike the Wireless Bluetooth Earbuds, which aren’t related but serve a different purpose, this bin is solely focused on functional indoor composting. Its durable galvanized steel resists rust, though it’s not suitable for outdoor use or very large households. If you need a compact, low-maintenance, odor-controlling container, this pick is a strong fit.
Pros:- Space-efficient, fits discreetly on countertops
- Removable, dishwasher-safe inner bucket for quick cleaning
- Odor-reducing filters maintain a fresh kitchen environment
- Durable galvanized steel construction
Cons:- Filter replacement required every 3 months
- Limited capacity for larger households
- Designed solely for indoor use
Best for: Small households or apartment dwellers seeking an easy-to-clean, odor-controlled compost bin
Not ideal for: Large families or users wanting a larger capacity for daily composting
- Capacity:1.2 gallons
- Dimensions:7″D x 9.5″H
- Material:Galvanized steel
- Filter Replacement Interval:Every 3 months
- Color:Mint
- Inner Bucket:Removable and dishwasher safe
Bottom line: This compact bin is well-suited for small spaces that need easy cleaning and effective odor control.
Kitchen Compost Bin with Smell Proof Lid – 1.1 Gallon, Rust Proof, Odorless, Easy to Clean
This 1.1-gallon compost bin combines rust-proof steel with a sleek black finish and wooden accents, appealing to those who want a modern look. Its odorless design relies on built-in charcoal filters, which outperform simpler lids by actively reducing smells, similar to the Perfnique Kitchen Compost Bin. The smell-proof lid offers better containment than open-top models, but some users might find they need to add extra ventilation for optimal odor control, especially in warm kitchens. Its compact size makes it suitable for small countertops, though the limited capacity might mean more frequent emptying in larger households. Compared to the Norpro Ceramic Crock, this bin offers more odor control and durability but less visual charm due to its steel construction. Overall, it’s an excellent choice for those prioritizing style and odor management.
Pros:- Odorless composting with effective charcoal filters
- Rust-proof, durable steel construction
- Stylish black finish with wooden accents
- Easy to clean and portable
Cons:- Limited capacity for larger household waste
- Requires filter replacement over time
- May need additional ventilation for best odor control
Best for: Urban dwellers or style-conscious users needing an odorless, elegant compost bin
Not ideal for: Large families or those wanting a bigger capacity for daily composting
- Capacity:1.1 gallons
- Dimensions:10.2 x 7 inches
- Material:Rust-proof powder-coated steel
- Color:Black
- Filter:Includes 2 charcoal filters
- Handle:Wooden
Bottom line: This stylish, odorless bin is perfect for users wanting a sleek, effective compost container for indoor use.
Norpro 1 Gallon White Ceramic Compost Keeper Crock
The Norpro Ceramic Crock offers a timeless, elegant look with its white finish, making it a stylish addition to any kitchen. Its large 1-gallon capacity supports daily waste, and the tight-fitting lid helps contain odors and pests better than open containers like the Barnyard Designs Mint Bin. The ceramic material provides natural odor resistance, but it’s also more fragile, which could be a concern if dropped. Compared with metal options, this crock’s aesthetic and ease of cleaning appeal to those wanting a classic, attractive container. However, it’s limited to indoor use and may require careful handling. This pick suits those who value style and simplicity in a durable, odor-resistant ceramic design.
Pros:- Stylish, modern white ceramic design
- Odor-resistant with a secure lid
- Easy to clean ceramic surface
- Generous capacity for daily use
Cons:- Fragile ceramic material
- Limited to indoor use
- Lacks modern odor filtering features
Best for: Home cooks wanting a stylish, odor-resistant, ceramic compost container
Not ideal for: Active households with kids or busy kitchens where the ceramic might be prone to breakage
- Capacity:1.0 gallon
- Material:Ceramic
- Color:White
- Shape:Rounded rectangle
- Lid:Secure, tight-fitting
Bottom line: Ideal for users who prioritize aesthetics and odor resistance in a durable ceramic compost container.
Plexon Countertop Compost Bin Kitchen with Lid, 1.5 Gallon, Red
This compact steel compost bin stands out for its durable construction and odor control, thanks to a charcoal filter integrated into the lid. Compared with larger options like the Chef’n EcoCrock, its 1.5-gallon capacity is better suited for small households or those who compost less frequently. The sturdy steel minimizes the risk of breakage but makes it heavier to carry when full. Its attractive red finish adds a pop of color to the countertop, and the handle simplifies transport. However, the limited capacity could be a disadvantage for busy kitchens or larger families. The need to replace the charcoal filter over time adds to ongoing maintenance. Overall, this pick makes the most sense for users prioritizing durability and odor control in a compact form.
Pros:- Odorless with charcoal filter
- Sturdy steel construction
- Compact and attractive design
Cons:- Limited capacity for larger households
- Requires replacement of charcoal filter over time
Best for: Small households or those seeking a durable, odorless solution with a manageable size.
Not ideal for: Larger families or heavy composters who need more capacity and frequent disposal.
- Capacity:1.5 gallons (5.68 liters)
- Material:Steel
- Color:Red
- Filter:Charcoal filter in lid
- Dimensions:Compact size
- Handle:Yes
Bottom line: This bin is ideal for small households prioritizing durability and odor control in a compact footprint.
Chef’n EcoCrock Counter Compost Bin, 3.3 Liter, Black and White
The Chef’n EcoCrock excels with its ceramic build, offering a sophisticated look and a 3.3-liter capacity that suits those who generate moderate food scraps daily. Compared to the smaller Natural Home Charcoal model, its larger size makes it better for busy kitchens but comes with a fragility risk due to ceramic material. The vented lid with a removable inner bucket simplifies cleaning and disposal, while the natural charcoal filter helps keep odors at bay. Yet, the ceramic surface, while attractive, is prone to chipping if mishandled, and its capacity might still be limiting for larger households. The ease of removal and cleaning makes it highly convenient, but users must handle it carefully. This makes the EcoCrock ideal for those who want a stylish, odor-free, and easy-to-clean countertop compost bin.
Pros:- Odor-free with natural charcoal filter
- Tidy, easy to clean design
- Removable inner bucket for simple disposal
Cons:- Fragile ceramic material
- Limited capacity for large households
Best for: Homeowners seeking a stylish, easy-to-clean compost bin that handles moderate waste daily.
Not ideal for: High-volume households or those needing a more durable, chip-resistant container.
- Capacity:3.3 liters (0.75 gallons)
- Material:Ceramic
- Color:Black and White
- Features:Vented lid, removable inner bucket, replaceable charcoal filter
- Dimensions:Not specified
- Filter:Charcoal
Bottom line: This ceramic compost bin is perfect for style-conscious users who compost daily in moderate amounts, with care needed to avoid damage.
Natural Home 40629 Ceramic Compost Bin, Charcoal
The Natural Home Ceramic Compost Bin offers a simple yet effective solution with its 1-gallon capacity, making it suitable for small-scale composting. Compared with the larger Chef’n EcoCrock, its smaller size limits its usefulness for bigger households, but it compensates with a non-toxic, lead-free ceramic that’s safe for food scraps. The charcoal filter lasts up to 6 months, reducing ongoing costs, and the dishwasher-safe glaze simplifies cleaning. However, hand washing is recommended to prolong its lifespan, and the limited capacity might mean frequent emptying for busy kitchens. Its affordable price makes it attractive for those new to composting or with limited space. Overall, this bin provides excellent odor control and safety features at a lower cost, ideal for casual composters.
Pros:- Odor-absorbing charcoal filter
- Non-toxic, lead-free ceramic
- Dishwasher safe for easy cleaning
Cons:- Limited capacity at 1 gallon
- Hand washing recommended for longevity
Best for: Beginners or individuals with small kitchens seeking a budget-friendly, safe, odor-absorbing compost bin.
Not ideal for: Larger households or frequent composters needing a bigger container and less maintenance.
- Capacity:1 gallon
- Material:Earthenware ceramic
- Color:Charcoal
- Filter lifespan:4-6 months
- Dishwasher safe:Yes
- Features:Odor-absorbing charcoal filter
Bottom line: This small, safe ceramic bin is perfect for casual composters wanting an affordable, odor-free option with low maintenance.
Chef’n EcoCrock Counter Compost Bin, 3.3 Liter, Black and White
The Chef’n EcoCrock combines style and functionality with its ceramic build, vented lid, and removable inner bucket. Its 3.3-liter capacity makes it suitable for users who want a neat, odor-controlled compost solution that’s easy to clean. Unlike the Plexon model, which is more durable but less stylish, the EcoCrock adds a sophisticated touch to any countertop. The vented lid and charcoal filter keep odors minimal, and the removable inner bucket simplifies disposal. Its ceramic material, however, can chip with rough handling, and its capacity might be limiting for larger households or heavy composters. The design’s elegance and ease of maintenance make it ideal for those prioritizing aesthetics and cleanliness over volume and ruggedness.
Pros:- Odor-free with natural charcoal filter
- Elegant ceramic design
- Removable inner bucket for easy cleaning
Cons:- Fragile ceramic material
- Limited capacity for large households
Best for: Design-conscious users wanting a stylish, odor-free compost bin that’s easy to maintain in a moderate household.
Not ideal for: Heavy-duty users or large families needing a higher capacity and more durable container.
- Capacity:3.3 liters (0.75 gallons)
- Material:Ceramic
- Color:Black and White
- Features:Vented lid, removable inner bucket, charcoal filter
- Dimensions:Not specified
- Filter:Charcoal
Bottom line: This ceramic compost bin suits users who value style and ease of cleaning in a moderate-size container, with careful handling required.
How We Picked
Each compost crock was evaluated based on build quality, odor management, capacity, ease of cleaning, and overall usability. We prioritized models that balance function with style, ensuring they fit seamlessly into modern kitchens. Price was a consideration too, aiming to highlight options that deliver good value without sacrificing essential features. The ranking reflects a combination of these criteria, favoring products that perform well across multiple categories while also addressing common buyer concerns like odor and maintenance.Factors to Consider When Choosing Compost Crocks Countertop
Choosing the right countertop compost crock involves considering several factors that influence daily convenience and long-term satisfaction. Beyond just capacity, think about how the material affects durability and style, and whether features like filters or liners simplify maintenance. The balance between price and features is also key—spend more on quality if odor control or aesthetics matter most for your space. Misjudging size or ease of cleaning can lead to frustration, so understanding your typical usage and kitchen setup will guide a smarter purchase.Capacity and Size
Most countertop compost crocks range from 1.1 to 1.75 gallons. Smaller sizes fit compact kitchens but require frequent emptying, while larger models reduce trips to the compost bin but take up more space. Consider your daily cooking volume and available counter space when choosing. Overestimating capacity may mean paying for unused space, whereas underestimating can lead to frequent messy trips to your outdoor compost or bin.
Material and Durability
Materials like ceramic, stainless steel, or plastic each offer distinct advantages. Ceramic crocks are stylish and often odor-absorbing but can be fragile. Stainless steel provides durability, a sleek look, and easier cleaning but might be more expensive. Plastic models tend to be lightweight and budget-friendly but can stain or hold odors if not well-made. Think about your kitchen’s aesthetic and how much wear your compost crock will endure over time.
Odor Control Features
Good odor control is essential, especially if your kitchen lacks outdoor access. Many crocks include charcoal filters, airtight lids, or liners to trap smells. Models with replaceable filters tend to perform better over time, but they add ongoing costs. Cheaper options without proper seals may let odors escape, making them less suitable for enclosed kitchen spaces. Prioritize a model that explicitly advertises odor management if freshness is a priority.
Ease of Cleaning and Maintenance
Look for crocks with removable liners, smooth surfaces, or non-porous materials that prevent staining and make cleaning straightforward. Some models come with inner buckets that you can easily lift out, reducing the hassle of washing the entire unit. Consider how often you’ll need to clean and whether the product’s design minimizes messes or stubborn residue. A well-designed crock saves time and keeps your kitchen tidy.
Design and Aesthetics
Since countertop crocks are visible kitchen fixtures, style matters. Choices range from sleek stainless steel to colorful or rustic ceramic designs. Aesthetic preferences should align with your kitchen decor—an elegant, minimalist look suits modern kitchens, while farmhouse styles fit more traditional spaces. Keep in mind that a visually appealing design can encourage regular use, making composting more seamless and enjoyable.
Frequently Asked Questions
How often do I need to clean my countertop compost crock?
Cleaning frequency depends on usage and the presence of odor control features. Generally, cleaning every week or after each full use prevents buildup and odor issues. If your crock has a removable liner or inner bucket, cleaning is quicker and more hygienic. Regular maintenance ensures your compost crock stays fresh, odor-free, and easy to use, especially if you’re composting everyday scraps.
Can I use any compost crock with a charcoal filter?
Most compost crocks designed for indoor use are compatible with charcoal filters, but it’s important to check the product specifications. Filters need to be replaced periodically to maintain odor control, so consider models that make filter replacement straightforward. Using a crock without a proper filter or seal can result in unpleasant smells escaping, which defeats the purpose of a dedicated compost container.
What’s the best material for a compost crock if I want durability?
Stainless steel is generally the most durable material, resisting stains, odors, and corrosion over time. Ceramic crocks offer aesthetic appeal but can chip or crack. Plastic options are lightweight and inexpensive but may stain or absorb odors if not high quality. For long-term use and minimal maintenance, stainless steel tends to be the most reliable choice, especially in busy kitchens.
Is a larger capacity always better?
Not necessarily. Larger capacity reduces the frequency of emptying but can take up more counter space and be heavier to lift or clean. For smaller households or limited space, a 1.1 to 1.3-gallon model might be more practical. Conversely, larger families or frequent cooks may benefit from a 1.75-gallon option to avoid constant trips to the outdoor compost or bin outside.
Are ceramic compost crocks suitable for outdoor use?
Ceramic crocks are primarily designed for indoor use due to their fragility and weight. They are attractive and can be kept in covered outdoor spaces, but exposure to harsh weather could damage them. For outdoor composting, stainless steel or plastic models are more durable and weather-resistant, making them better suited for exterior environments.
Conclusion
The best overall compost crock for most users is the Perfnique Kitchen Compost Bin because of its balance of odor control, size, and style. For budget-conscious buyers, models like the Granrosi Countertop Compost Bin offer solid performance at a lower price. Those seeking luxury features and durability might prefer the Utopia Kitchen Stainless Steel Compost Bin, making it an excellent premium choice. Beginners or casual composters should opt for smaller, straightforward models, while more dedicated users might prioritize larger capacities with advanced odor management. Ultimately, selecting the right compost crock depends on your space, usage, and aesthetic preferences.
